路线：
阅读以下文字。为每个编号的空白选择最好的单词并标记[a]、[b]、[c]、
或答题卡上的[d]。 （10分）
植物具有某种程度的意识的想法最早在2000 年代初期扎根。 “植物神经生物学”一词的核心思想是(1)_植物行为的某些方面可能与(2) 动物的智力有关。研究人员之前报告称，（3）植物缺乏大脑，但它们的茎和叶中电信号的发射仍然引发了（4）意识的反应。
但根据一篇新的观点文章，这种想法是不真实的。作者写道，植物生物学复杂且令人着迷，但它(5) 与动物的生物学差异如此之大，以至于所谓的植物智力(6) 尚无定论。
从2006 年开始，一些科学家发现(7) 植物拥有与激素和神经递质相互作用的神经元样细胞，(8) “植物神经系统，(9) 动物神经系统，”主要研究作者林肯·泰兹说，“他们(10) 声称植物的根尖有“类似大脑的指挥中心”。
如果你将复杂大脑的运作简化为（12）它为一系列电脉冲，则（11）是有意义的；植物细胞也通过电信号进行通信。 (13) ，植物中的信号传导仅与(14) 复杂的动物大脑中的放电类似，而动物大脑不仅仅是“通过电力进行通信的大量细胞”，泰兹说。
“为了意识的进化，需要一个具有复杂性和容量阈值（15）的大脑，”他（16）。由于植物没有神经系统，它们拥有的意识（17）实际上为零。”
无论如何，意识有什么伟大之处呢？文章称，植物无法逃避（18），因此将能量投入到（19）具有威胁且能够感受到疼痛的身体系统将是一种非常（20）的进化策略。
1.a.铸造b.发现c.收集d.发行
2.a.归因b.定向c.比较d.限制
3.a.除非b.当c.曾经d.虽然
4.a.应对b.由c.暗示d.扩展于
5.a. 遭受b. 好处c. 发展d. 不同
6.a.接受b.证据c.培养d.创造
7.a. 怀疑b. 拒绝c. 争论d. 请求
8.a.适应b.成型c.修复d.测试
9.a.类似b.必需c.适合d.敏感
10.a.只是b.曾经c.仍然d.甚至
11.a.限制b.实验c.视角d.需求
12.a.附着b.减少c.返回d.暴露
13.a.然而b.此外c.因此d.否则
14.a.暂时b.字面上c.表面上d.想象中
15.a.列表b.级别c.标签d.本地
16.a.回忆b.同意c.质疑d.补充
17.a.机会b.风险c.借口d.假设
18.a.危险b. 失败c. 警告d. 控制
19.a. 代表b. 包括c. 揭示d. 认识
20.a.谦虚b.贫穷c.实用d.轻松
第二节阅读理解
a部分
路线：
阅读下面四篇课文。选择[a]、[b]、[c] 或[d] 回答每篇文章下面的问题。在答题卡上标记您的答案。 （40分）
文本1
人们经常抱怨塑料太耐用。从珠穆朗玛峰到马里亚纳海沟，水瓶、购物袋和其他垃圾遍布地球，因为塑料无处不在且不易分解。但有些塑料材料会随着时间的推移而发生变化。它们会破裂并卷曲。它们“渗出”添加剂。它们融化成污泥。所有这些都给博物馆等试图保护重要文化物品的机构带来了巨大的麻烦。面临风险的塑料制品种类繁多，令人眼花缭乱，包括早期收音机、前卫雕塑、迪士尼电影中的赛璐珞动画剧照、第一颗人造心脏。
聚合物化学家西娅·范·奥斯滕(thea van oosten) 在荷兰文化遗产机构工作了数十年，直到几年前退休，她说，某些文物特别容易受到伤害，因为一些造型艺术先驱并不总是知道如何正确混合成分。 “这就像烤蛋糕一样，如果你没有准确的数量，就会出错，”她说。 “你制造的东西已经是一颗定时炸弹了。”
有时，这不是艺术家的错。 20 世纪60 年代，意大利艺术家picro gilardi 开始创作数百件色彩鲜艳的泡沫作品。这些作品包括小玫瑰花坛和其他物品，以及几十张“自然地毯”——用泡沫南瓜、卷心菜和西瓜装饰的大矩形。他希望观众可以在地毯上走动，这意味着地毯必须耐用。
不幸的是，他使用的聚氨酯泡沫本质上不稳定。它特别容易受到轻微的损坏，到了20 世纪90 年代中期，吉拉迪的南瓜、玫瑰和其他雕像都裂开了、摇摇欲坠。博物馆将其中一些藏品锁在黑暗中。因此，范·奥斯滕和她的同事致力于保护吉拉迪的雕塑。他们向其中一些注入了稳定和巩固的化学物质。范·奥斯滕将这些化学物质称为“防晒霜”，因为它们的目标是防止进一步的光损伤并重建磨损的聚合物纤维。她感到自豪的是，一些雕塑甚至再次展出，尽管有时是在保护盒下。
尽管有范·奥斯滕这样的成功故事，但塑料的保存可能会变得更加困难。旧物品继续恶化。更糟糕的是，旨在分解的可生物降解塑料越来越普遍。这里所涉及的不仅仅是单个物体。 nova 科学技术学院保护与修复助理教授乔安娜·利亚·费雷拉(joana lia ferreira) 指出，考古学家在检查了博物馆中的文物后，首先定义了人类历史上伟大的物质时代——石器时代、铁器时代等。她说，我们现在生活在一个塑料时代，“我们今天决定收集什么，我们决定保存什么……将对我们未来的形象产生重大影响。”
21. 根据第1 段，博物馆面临______ 方面的困难。
[a] 维护他们的塑料制品
[b]获得耐用的塑料制品
[c] 处理过时的塑料展品
[d] 对他们的塑料收藏进行分类
22. van oosten 认为某些塑料物品是______。
[a] 不受腐烂影响
[b] 形状不当
[c] 固有缺陷
[d] 结构复杂
23. 博物馆停止向______ 展示吉拉迪的一些艺术作品。
[a] 防止他们伤害游客
[b] 复制它们以供将来显示
[c] 分析其成分
[d] 防止它们受到进一步的伤害
24. 作者认为塑料的保存是______。
[a] 成本高昂
[b] 不值得
[c]不受欢迎
[d]具有挑战性
25. 费雷拉认为，塑料制品的保存______。
[a] 将激发未来的科学研究
[b]具有深远的历史意义
[c]将帮助我们区分物质时代
[d]对当今文化生活产生影响
文字2
随着最新一批学生撰写本科申请并权衡自己的选择，也许值得考虑一下学位的意义、目的和价值发生了怎样的变化，以及z 世代在开始教育的第三阶段时需要考虑什么旅行。
千禧一代被告知，如果你在学校表现出色，获得像样的学位，你就会为生活做好准备。但人们发现这一承诺并不理想。随着学位变得普遍，它们变得贬值了。教育不再是社会流动的安全途径。如今，英国28% 的毕业生担任非毕业生职位；这一百分比是经合组织平均水平的两倍。
这并不是说获得学位没有意义，而是强调学位并不适合所有人，从教室到报告厅的转变并不是不可避免的，而且还有其他选择。
值得庆幸的是，有迹象表明这种情况已经发生，z 世代寻求向他们的千禧一代前辈学习，即使家长和老师往往仍抱有学位心态。雇主们早就看到了雇用离校生的优势，他们往往证明自己是比毕业生更忠诚的员工。许多人也看到了取消某些职位的学位要求的好处。
对于那些希望获得学位的人来说，这很可能是众多途径中的第一个。在这个多面手的时代，拥有特定的知识或技能是值得的。现在，研究生的收入比应届毕业生高出40%。当我们中越来越多的人拥有学位时，拥有两个学位就有意义了。
z 世代不太可能在18 岁或21 岁就完成教育；他们需要在整个职业生涯中不断提高技能，以保持敏捷性、相关性和就业能力。据估计，由于技术的压力、对个人成就的渴望以及对多样性的渴望，这一代人在其职业生涯中将为17个不同的雇主工作，并从事五种不同的职业。教育，而不仅仅是在校园中获得的知识，将成为z 世代职业轨迹的核心部分。
老一辈人经常用现在时和人称时态谈论他们的学位：“我是一名地理学家”或“我是一名阶级学家”。他们的儿子或女儿绝不会说出这样的话；就好像他们已经知道他们的学位不会以同样的方式定义他们一样。
26. 作者建议z 世代应该______。
【a】选校需谨慎
[b] 在每个教育阶段都要勤奋
[c]重新评估大学教育的必要性
[d] 推迟本科申请
27. 英国毕业生担任非毕业生职位的百分比反映了______。
[a] 千禧一代对工作的看法
[b] 收缩度值
[c]公众对教育的不满
[d] 社会流动的理想途径
28.作者认为______是一个好兆头。
[a] z 一代正在寻求获得体面的学位
[b] 离校生愿意成为技术工人
[c] 雇主对学位采取现实的态度
[d] 父母正在改变主意
education
29. it is advised in paragraph 5 that those with one degree should ______.
[a] make an early decision on their career
[b] attend on the job training programs
[c] team up with high-paid postgraduates
[d] further their studies in a specific field
30. what can be concluded about generation z from the last two paragraphs?
[a] lifelong learning will define them.
[b]they will make qualified educators.
[c] depress will no longer appeal them.
[d] they will have a limited choice of jobs.
text 3
enlightening, challenging, stimulating, fun. these were some of the words that nature readers used to describe their experience of art-science collaborations in a series of articles on partnerships between artists and researchers. nearly 40% of the roughly 350 people who responded to an accompanying poll said, they had collaborated with artists; and almost all said they would consider doing so in future.
such an encouraging results is not surprising. scientists are increasingly seeking out visual artists to help them communicate their work to new audiences. “artists help scientists reach a broader audience and make emotional connections that enhance learning.” one respondent said.
one example of how artists and scientists have together rocked the scenes came last month when the sydney symphony orchestra performed a reworked version of antonio vivaldi’s the four seasons. they reimagined the 300-year-old score by injecting the latest climate prediction data for each season-provided by monash university’ s climate change communication research hub. the performance was a creative call to action ahead of november’ s united nations climate change conference in glasgow, uk.
but a genuine partnership must be a two-way street. fewer artist than scientists responded to the nature poll, however, several respondents noted that artists do not simply assist scientists with their communication requirements. nor should their work be considered only as an object of study. the alliances are most valuable when scientists and artists have a shared stake in a project, are able to jointly design it and can critique each other’ s work. such an approach can both prompt new research as well as result in powerful art. more than half a century ago, the massachusetts institute of technology opened its center for advanced visual studies (cavs) to explore the role of technology in culture. the founders deliberately focused their projects around light-hance the “visual studies” in the name. light was a something that both artists and scientists had an interest in, and therefore could form the basis of collaboration. as science and technology progressed, and divided into more sub-disciplines, the centre was simultaneously looking to a time when leading researchers could also be artists, writers and poets, and vice versa.
nature’ s poll findings suggest that this trend is as strong as ever, but, to make a collaboration work, both sides need to invest time, and embrace surprise and challenge. the reach of art-science tie-ups needs to go beyond the necessary purpose of research communication, and participants. artists and scientists alike are immersed in discovery and invention, and challenge and critique are core to both, too.
31. according to paragraph 1, art-science collaborations have ______.
[a] caught the attention of critics
[b] received favorable responses
[c] promoted academic publishing
[d] sparked heated public disputes
32. the reworked version of the four seasons is mentioned to show that ______.
[a] art can offer audiences easy access to science
[b] science can help with the expression of emotions
[c] public participation in science has a promising future
[d] art is effective in facilitating scientific innovations
33. some artists seem to worry about in the art-science partnership ______.
[a] their role may be underestimated
[b] their reputation may be impaired
[c] their creativity may be inhibited
[d] their work may be misguided
34. what does the author say about cavs?
[a] it was headed alternately by artists and scientists.
[b] it exemplified valuable art-science alliances.
[c] its projects aimed at advancing visual studies.
[d] its founders sought to raise the status of artists.
35. in the last paragraph, the author holds that art- science collaborations ______.
[a] are likely to go beyond public expectations
[b] will intensify interdisciplinary competition
[c] should do more than communicating science.
[d] are becoming more popular than before
text 4
the personal grievance provisions of new zealand’s employment relations act 2000 (era) prevent an employer from firing an employee without good cause. instead, dismissals must be justified. employers must both show cause and act in a procedurally fair way.
personal grievance procedures were designed to guard the jobs of ordinary workers from “unjustified dismissals”. the premise was that the common law of contract lacked sufficient safeguards for workers against arbitrary conduct by management. long gone are the days when a boss could simply give an employee contractual notice.
but these provisions create difficulties for businesses when applied to highly paid managers and executives. as countless boards and business owners will attest, constraining firms from firing poorly performing, high-earning managers is a handbrake on boosting productivity and overall performance. the difference between c-grade and a-grade managers may very well be the difference between business success or failure. between preserving the jobs of ordinary workers or losing them. yet mediocrity is no longer enough to justify a dismissal.
consequently — and paradoxically — laws introduced to protect the jobs of ordinary workers may be placing those jobs at risk.
if not placing jobs at risk, to the extent employment protection laws constrain business owners from dismissing under-performing managers, those laws act as a constraint on firm productivity and therefore on workers’ wages. indeed, in “an international perspective on new zealand’s productivity paradox” (2014), the productivity commission singled out the low quality of managerial capabilities as a cause of the country’ s poor productivity growth record.
nor are highly paid managers themselves immune from the harm caused by the era’s unjustified dismissal procedures. because employment protection laws make it costlier to fire an employee, employers are more cautious about hiring new staff. this makes it harder for the marginal manager to gain employment. and firms pay staff less because firms carry the burden of the employment arrangement going wrong.
society also suffers from excessive employment protections. stringent job dismissal regulations adversely affect productivity growth and hamper both prosperity and overall well-being.
across the tasman sea, australia deals with the unjustified dismissal paradox by excluding employees earning above a specified “high-income threshold” from the protection of its unfair dismissal laws. in new zealand, a 2016 private members’ bill tried to permit firms and high-income employees to contract out of the unjustified dismissal regime. however, the mechanisms proposed were unwieldy and the bill was voted down following the change in government later that year.
36. the personal grievance provisions of the era are intended to ______.
[a] punish dubious corporate practices
[b] improve traditional hiring procedures
[c] exempt employers from certain duties
[d] protect the rights of ordinary workers
37. it can be learned from paragraph 3 that the provisions may ______.
[a] hinder business development
[b] undermine managers’ authority
[c] affect the public image of the firms
[d] worsen labor-management relations
38. which of the following measures would be the productivity commission support?
[a] imposing reasonable wage restraints.
[b] enforcing employment protection laws
[c] limiting the powers of business owners.
[d] dismissing poorly performing managers.
39. what might be an effect of era’s unjustified dismissal procedures?
[a] highly paid managers lose their jobs.
[b] employees suffer from salary cuts.
[c] society sees a rise in overall well-being.
[d] employers need to hire new staff.
40. it can be inferred that the “high-income threshold” in australia ______.
[a] has secured managers’ earnings
[b] has produced undesired results
[c] is beneficial to business owners
[d] is difficult to put into practice
part b
directions:
part c
directions:
read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into chinese. your translation should be written neatly on the answer sheet. (10 points)
“between 1807 and 1814 the iberian peninsula (comprising spain and portugal) was the scene of a titanic and merciless struggle. it took place on many different planes: between napoleon\’s french army and the angry inhabitants; between the british, ever keen to exacerbate the emperor\’s difficulties, and the marshals sent from paris to try to keep them in check; between new forces of science and meritocracy and old ones of conservatism and birth. 46) it was also, and this is unknown even to many people well read about the period, a battle between those who made codes and those who broke them.
i first discovered the napoleonic cryptographic battle a few years ago when i was reading sir charles oman\’s epic history of the peninsular war. in volume v he had attached an appendix, “the scovell ciphers.” (47) it listed many documents in code that had been captured from the french army of spain, and whose secrets had been revealed by the work of one george scovell, an officer in british headquarters. oman rated scovell’s significance highly, but at the same time, the general nature of his history meant that (48) he could not analyze carefully what this obscure officer may or may not have contributed to that great struggle between nations or indeed tell us anything much about the man himself. i was keen to read more, but was surprised to find that oman\’s appendix, published in 1914, was the only considered thing that had been written about this secret war.e
i became convinced that this story was every bit as exciting and significant as that of enigma and the breaking of german codes in the second world war. the question was, could it be told?
studying scovell’s papers at the public record office (in kew, west london) i found that he had left an extensive journal and copious notes a work in the peninsula. what was more, many original french dispatches had been preserved in this collection. i realized at once that this was priceless. (49) there may have been many spies and intelligence officers during the napoleonic wars, but it is usually extremely difficult to find the material they actually provided or worked on. furthermore, scovell’s story involved much more than just intelligence work. his status in lord wellington\’s headquarters and the recognition given to him for his work were all bound up with the class politics of the army at the time. his tale of self-improvement and hard work would make a fascinating biography in its own right, but represents something more than that. (50) just as the code breaking has its wider relevance in the struggle for spain, so his attempts to make his way up the promotion ladder speak volumes about british society.
the story of wellington himself also gripped me. half a century ago his campaigns were considered a central part of the british historical mythology and spoon-fed to schoolboys. more recently this has not been the case, which is a great shame. a generation has grown up
【参考译文】
46. 甚至是许多熟悉这一时期的人都不知道，这也是一场发生在密码制作者与密码破解者之间的斗争。
47. 它列出了许多从驻扎西班牙的法国军队缴获的密码文件，这些文件的秘密已为一名英国总部的军官乔治·斯科维尔的工作所揭露。
48. 他无法仔细分析这位默默无闻的官员可能或不可能对那场国家间的伟大斗争做出什么贡献，也无法告诉我们关于他本人的任何情况。
49. 在拿破仑战争期间，可能有许多间谍和情报官员，但通常很难找到他们实际提供或工作所用到的材料。
50. 正如破译密码在争夺西班牙的斗争中具有更广泛的意义一样，他在晋升阶梯上的尝试也充分说明了英国社会。
section iii writing
part a
51. directions:
write an e-mail to a professor at a british university, inviting him/her to organize a team for the international innovation to be held at your university.
you should write about 100 words on the answer sheet.
do not sign your own name at the end. use “li ming” instead.
do not write the address. (10 points)
【参考范文】
dear professor,
i, as a senior student from tsinghua, am writing this e-mail to invite you to organize a team for the international innovation which will be held at our university from june 5th to june 10th .
innovation is the core factor of economic growth and the source of human wealth, but it is accomplished by the outstanding person. considering that you are a famous professor and has made great achievements in innovation, we do hope you can organize a great team made up of innovative talents to participate in this activity.
since your presence is of vital importance to our school, i sincerely hope you can come on that day. i am anxiously looking forward to your reply to tell me whether you can be here or not.
yours sincerely,
li ming
【参考译文翻译】
尊敬的教授，
我是一名来自清华大学的大四学生，我写这封邮件的目的是想邀请您为国际创新大赛组建一个团队，该活动将于6月5日至6月10日在我校举行。
创新是经济增长的核心要素和人类财富的源泉，但它是由杰出的人才完成的。鉴于您是一位著名的教授，并且在创新方面取得了很大的成就，我们非常希望您能组织一支由创新人才组成的优秀团队来参加这次活动。
因为你们的到来对我们学校来说是至关重要的，我真诚地希望你们能在那天按时到来。我急切地期待着您的答复，在回复中您将告诉我你是否能来我们学校。
谨启，
李明
part b
52. directions:
write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. in your essay, you should
1) describe the drawing briefly,
2) explain its intended meaning, and then
3) give your comments.
you should write neatly on the answer sheet. (20 points)
【参考范文】
graphically depicted in the picture is a scene, in which there are two students standing in front of a poster of a campus lecture. the individual on the left airs his perspective that it doesn’t belong to his major and it is useless to listen to the lecture. conversely, his counterpart holds the opposite idea that it may be useful to our study and growth. we are informed that various folks take different attitudes toward the same scene.
undoubtedly, the author strives to convey a conspicuous message that we should be a prepared person. it is intensive learning that keeps us continually doing something valuable and admirable in spite of difficulties and discouragement. besides, not only does a prepared mind makes us be full of energy to face the coming challenges and competitions but also offers us the foundation for the coming success. according to a latest survey conducted by an international organizations, approximately 76.5% of the respondents hold the view that they are willing to learn extensively and to be a prepared person because a theory that opportunities don’t come to those who aren’t prepared.
weighing up the above several aspects, i suppose that not until we realize the significance of being a prepared person and learning extensively and put this attitude into practice, can we foster it gradually and make a better progress. therefore, the mass media, such as television and the internet, should make every effort to propagate and advocate the positive mentality. in addition, as for our college students, we ought to do our part to learn any useful knowledge in our spare time. only in this way can we embrace a prospective future.
【参考译文翻译】
图画清晰地描述了一个场景，在这个场景中，两个学生站在一张校园讲座的海报前面，左边的学生说：“不是我们专业的，听了也没用。”；相反，另一个学生说：“听了或许也有用。” 不同的人对待同一场景可能会有不同的态度。
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